Analysis of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios The WritePass Journal

Investigation of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios Presentation Investigation of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios IntroductionRecommendationRelated Presentation Liquidity proportions are utilized to decide a companys capacity to take care of its short-terms obligations commitments. Utilizing Hargreaves Services Plc budgetary information from 2006 to 2010.I have the examination for the companies’ current proportion, basic analysis, all out resource turnover and fixed resource turn over underneath. The Current proportion informs us concerning the connection between current resources and current Liabilities and how rapidly an advantage can be transformed into money. Hargreaves Services Plc had a present proportion of 1.09 in 2006 which was poor yet essentially expanded in 2007 to 1.31, it at that point fell in 2008 to 1.15, a further decline in 2009 to 1.06 and has had a huge increment to 1.66 in 2010. I would state Hargreaves had a poor current proportion in 2006 and 2009 yet as of now has a decent proportion at 1.66 showing that for each  £1.66 of Current Assets the firm claims, it owes  £1.00 of Current Liabilities. Taking a gander at this proportion we can see that if all the leasers of the business requested their cash, the business would have enough assets as Current Assets to satisfy these needs. We can say then that as showed by the Current Ratio the liquidity of the firm is acceptable, it is dealing with its working capital viably. I subsequently would prescribe financial specialists to purchase shares. The Acid Test reveals to us how Hargreaves Services Plc can satisfy its transient need for money. Hargreaves Services Plc as of now has a sensible basic analysis at 0.82 and I would prescribe its offers to financial specialists, anyway the basic analysis was poor in 2009 and 2008, sensible in 2007 and was acceptable in 2006. Hargreaves Services Plc all out resource turnover proportion contrasts its deals and the advantages that the business has used to create its deals. In 2010 Hargreaves Services Plc had deals of  £ 459,779,000 creating a proportion of 1.63 the deals in 2010 were lower than the earlier year. Hargreaves Services Plc has made significant interests in its advantages and isâ yet to create their past degree of absolute turn over. The fixed resource turnover proportion of Hargreaves Services Plc measures Hargreaves viability in creating deals from its interests in property, plant and hardware. The firm has steadily expanded its property, plant and gear from  £ 21,146.000 in 2006 to  £ 85,605,000 of every 2010. Proposal I prescribe Hargreaves Services Plc to financial specialists since it has put resources into property, plant and gear, regardless of whether it deals somewhat fell for this present year .I unequivocally trust it can possibly accomplish positive returns in the years to come.

Thesis topic Violence in the Movies Free Essays

Studies have perceived an immediate connection indicating the impacts of film brutality presentation and the expansion in savage wrongdoings and conduct including today’s kids. Positive proof focuses to the way that the high amount of savagery in motion pictures and on TV has destructive outcome on today’s youth. Reiner (1999) states, â€Å"Of course we can point fingers at Hollywood† (p28); in any case, the duty lies with us all. We will compose a custom exposition test on Proposal subject: Violence in the Movies or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now With the consistent presentation to vicious violations on TV and in motion pictures, it is appeared to make it increasingly satisfactory in the brains of our childhood to act brutal or rough toward others in different manners. Hollywood is liable for an excess of savagery in motion pictures and there is a requirement for imaginative officials to assume liability for what they produce. It is everyone’s duty to address this issue (Reiner, 1999). The attitude is by all accounts that the T. V. terrible individual did it and pulled off it, I can as well. After some time, it turns out to be less of an issue, not a problem. What or who is harmed or harmed doesn't make a difference any more. With the powerlessness to separate among genuine and imagine, great and awful, good and bad the wrong practices, roughness, profanity, physical savagery, law breaking, outrage, and scorn to give some examples increment altogether. As per Harbert (1993), his three-year-old little girl Emily â€Å"totally changed the manner in which I take a gander at TV. † What our kids see on TV affects them (Allen, 2004). With this expansion, the reality of offenses intensifies to additionally break down the conduct of our childhood. End: Close thought must be paid to diminishing savagery on TV for the drawn out advantage of our youngsters. The negative impacts of the proceeded with presentation to fierce motion pictures and network shows are demonstrated to permanently affect how clashes are settled. Citation and Paraphrase from Article 1 Direct Quotation: Reiner (1999) states, â€Å"Of course we can point fingers at Hollywood. † Reword of above citation: Hollywood is answerable for an excess of viciousness in motion pictures and there is a requirement for imaginative administrators to assume liability for what they produce. It is everyone’s duty to address this issue (Reiner,1999). Citation and Paraphrase from Article 2 Direct Quotation: According to Harbert (1993), his three-year-old girl Emily â€Å"totally changed the manner in which I take a gander at TV. † Paraphrase of above citation: What our kids see on TV affects them (Allen, 2004). The most effective method to refer to Thesis point: Violence in the Movies, Papers

Turning Libraries Into Learning Commons

Turning Libraries Into Learning Commons The library space should be three things: welcoming, comfortable, and useful. School libraries today are in a state of flux: many are on the verge of closing or understaffed, and just as many are growing into the learning commons a library should be. No matter where your library falls on this spectrum, there is no question that your job as a librarian is to be all things to all users. That may seem daunting, but it really is simple if you have the right outlook. Not every school has a healthy budget to promote and support a full library makeover, but even without money, small changes will yield a big impact. When I was offered the position of Library Media Specialist at a high school, I was lucky to have the backing of the school and district as I transformed a tired, unwelcoming library space into what became the hub of the school. Because not every librarian is quite so fortunate, I’ll outline my makeover process in sections, starting with what can be done by every librarian regardless of budget, and then move into the options for big spending. Services This is the most important job of any librarian, in my opinion. We are the “yes men,” so to speak. Whatever a patron needs, we say, “Yes, I can help with that.” (And if we can’t, we figure out who can.) My students â€" and even school staff â€" were never allowed to use the library before I was hired. I had to go out of my way to change this attitude and invite them into what should have already been their space. How did I accomplish this? By meeting everyone more than halfway â€" in fact, I went to them. Send emails reminding staff of the lessons you can teach (copyright/fair use, research skills, web tools, etc.). Create a plan for scheduling your spaces and make it user-friendly for teachers to sign up. Ask teachers what projects they have going on and offer to co-teach or introduce the students to the necessary databases for any research elements. Pay attention to your users. Keep records of requests and needs. Ask yourself: if something is too difficult to access, what can you do to make it easier for patrons to find? Have office supplies stocked and out for all patrons to use. I promise, it is necessary. I had a caddy with pens, pencils, erasers, markers, colored pencils, glue sticks, staplers, tape dispensers, lined paper, copier paper, grid paper, and dry erase markers and erasers. (Plus, I had back-ups at the ready.) Don’t have a budget for this? Float the idea of having other departments chip in â€" after all, it’s their projects these kids are working on, right? If that doesn’t work, community organizations often look for ways to contribute to schools and libraries. Give students access to whatever technology you have available, including printing capabilities. If you have limited technology, it’s even more important that you keep what you have running properly, and promptly call the tech department when problems inevitably arise. I also loved occasionally stocking my Keurig with fun coffee flavors, creamers, teas, hot chocolates and bringing in baked treats for the staff. They never passed up free goodies, and it gave us an opportunity to chat about potential collaboration. In short, what do your patrons need? Answer: Everything. All the time. Have it ready, and if you don’t have it ready this time, be prepared for next time. Environment The library space should be three things: welcoming, comfortable, and useful. Creating a welcoming environment is easy: you, the librarian, want the library filled with teachers and students, yes? Yes. Be inviting, be a friend, be happy. You have the best job in the world, so this should be the easiest part. Making the library useful is almost as simple â€" all those services from the first section are geared toward ensuring that patrons know they can come to the library for anything they need. It should be their most trusted resource. As far as a creating comfortable environment, ideally you should have many options for seating, and when possible, that seating should be flexible. In my library, we replaced the old, heavy, stationary tables and chairs and replaced them with furniture on wheels. I could set up the tables for a presentation during third period, and by fourth period, everything would have a new place. Students could move and arrange tables and chairs to suit their needs â€" whether they wanted to join a group or get away from one, the space was theirs. We also had three seating areas with comfortable couches, rugs, tables, and charging stations. These were stationary, but attracted both casual groups and serious studiers. If you have money in the budget for furniture, it would be well-spent on creating these comfortable spaces and flexible seating arrangements. For many, though, the budget might not stretch beyond the cost of new books, which is Priority One. If that’s the case for you, keep an eye out for affordable pillows or rugs that can make a space more inviting, or suggest a pillow-sewing project for the Interior Design class! And if none of the previous options of couches, pillows, and rugs are at your disposal? Grab some students and do some heavy lifting â€" take a chance to arrange those tables differently one day. Then switch things up again the next week. Go ahead: move two tables together for sixth period next Tuesday, because there’s a project due in World History and those freshmen need a space to lay out their materials. If your arrangement doesn’t appear to be flexible, show the students that they can still make it work for them because it is their space. Spending This final section is important, but not absolutely necessary. If you stop here and only focus on your services and environment, you will already be prepared to pull off a fantastic makeover. But I can’t lie: if you have money to spend on technology, do it; if you don’t have money, look for grants. At my school, our big spending was focused on technology, in hopes of finding a balance between two extremes. “1-to-1” devices seemed to be potential distractions, yet only offering computer labs for full classes to use was too limited. We went for a “technology readily available” approach. The district applied for federal funding and technology grants to purchase several laptop carts to be housed in the library, and over the next few years, additional carts were purchased for each department. Teachers could reserve a cart to be used in the library or to be taken to their classroom, and I tried to keep a cart in the library for individual students to use when they came in to work. We also bought six “pods,” which were large tables equipped with large flatscreen TVs, 4 HDMI cords, and laptops, allowing groups to work on individual laptops or display one on the screen for collaborations. Students loved the pods for all purposes, but teachers also loved to reserve them for technology lessons and projects. This, in turn, improved collaborative lessons by bringing in fun, new technology elements. Lastly, we purchased two large screens to be used for lessons and presentations. This is where I would teach tech tools, database use, copyright/fair use, research skills, and more. The two screens connected via HDMI to one computer, so the presenter or teacher could either create a presentation and run it with a clicker, or manually use the laptop to access different sites, etc. based on the lesson. Library. Learning Commons. Safe Haven. Trusted Resource. This is what we librarians are, and so much more. I hope your libraries become the favorite place on campus like mine did. Good luck and happy makeover! Follow TeacherVision on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Google+.

Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper and the Mark I Computer

Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University beginning in 1944.   The Mark I   The MARK computers began with the Mark I. Imagine a giant room full of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and eight feet high. The five-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the U.S. Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer was controlled by pre-punched paper tape, and it could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division functions. It could refer to previous results and had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions. It used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3,000 decimal storage wheels, 1,400 rotary dial switches and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By todays standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring three to five seconds to accomplish a multiplication operation. Howard Aiken   Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey in March 1900. He was an electrical engineer and physicist who first conceived of an electro-mechanical device like the Mark I in 1937. After completing his doctorate at Harvard in 1939, Aiken stayed on to continue the computers development. IBM funded his research. Aiken headed a team of three engineers, including Grace Hopper. The Mark I was completed in 1944. Aiken completed the Mark II, an electronic computer, in 1947. He founded the Harvard Computation Laboratory that same year. He published numerous articles on electronics and switching theories and ultimately launched Aiken Industries.   Aiken loved computers, but even he had no idea of their eventual widespread appeal. Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States, he said in 1947. Aiken died in 1973 in St, Louis, Missouri.   Grace Hopper   Born in December 1906 in New York, Grace Hopper studied at Vassar College and Yale before she joined the Naval Reserve in 1943. In 1944, she started working with Aiken on the Harvard Mark I computer. One of Hoppers lesser-known claims to fame is that she was responsible for coining the term bug  to describe a computer fault. The original bug was a moth that caused a hardware fault in the Mark I. Hopper got rid of it and fixed the problem and was the first person to debug a computer.   She began research for the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949  where she designed an improved compiler and was part of the team which developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language data processing compiler. She invented the language APT and verified the language COBOL.   Hopper was the first computer science Man of the Year in 1969, and she received the National Medal of Technology in 1991. She died a year later, in 1992, in Arlington, Virginia.

Asian American Culture - 925 Words

Asian American/Chinese Culture Theresa Chambers Webster University Abstract A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. Most Chinese Americans are descended from Chinas majority ethnic group, the Han. The rest are usually members of one of Chinas 56 minorities, such as the Hui. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and are also one group of Asian Americans. Asian American/ Chinese Culture Immigration Chinese immigration to the United States has come in several waves. Legend says that the first Chinese came to the Americas as early as 1421, the time when several Chinese generals went sailing around the world. According to the records from the United States government, the first†¦show more content†¦However, these barriers can be broken down with the education of patients and the training of the primary doctors can improve the quality of care for the Asian Americans. New York has developed a model that involves training and education in the early detection of the common disorders. This training is offering a culturally responsive care and early results suggest that these interventions may be improving detections rates of disorders for the Asian American Conclusion Based upon this culture there are many barriers the Asian American must overcome in order to receive assistance from the mental health counselors. These people are very proud and believe that whether good or bad happens it affects the entire family. In this culture today many still believe that having a mental illness brings shame to the family. As a mental health counselor we have to be aware of their feelings and culture so that when working with them they are not offended or feel that shame has been brought to their family. Many times in the Asian culture they will nod out of respect to the person addressing them and in the western culture a nod is a statement of understanding. References Henry Chung medical director, depression and anxiety disease management teamShow MoreRelatedAsians And Asian American Culture882 Words   |  4 PagesThis class helped me realize how ignorant I really was about the Asian American culture as well as the Native American culture. I generally believed that I was more culturally sound than I actually am. I believed that I knew more about these cultures than I really did and was shocked to realize that I fed into some of the stereotypes. I knew that Asian Americans did well academically because their parents valued education and had them study more than their peers, however I did not realize that culturallyRead MoreAsian American Culture And History1707 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most prevalent issue in today’s world is racism. The prejudice and racism against Asian Americans seems to never end. Either it’s a nasty side remark about one’s looks or a judgment about one’s personality and abilities. In high school, one of my best friends was Vietnamese and I remember her going through quite a bit of problems. She was most definitely stereotyped and was supposed to be good at math and science, when in truth, she was horrible at both subjects. Instead, she loved historyRead MoreThe Asian American Culture Of America1907 Words   |  8 Pages The culture that I chose to present is the Asian American culture. It is one of the fastest formed ethnic groups that had their population grow 63% from 1990 to 2000 (Nguyen, 1). The history of the first Asian immigrants started around the gold rush in California. Many Asian immigrants wanted to pursue fortunes in America because of economic hardships in China. Many Chinese started moving to the United States in hopes to get some of the gold in California. Many Chinese were also contracted toRead More Researching the Asian American Culture Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesResearching the Asian American Culture There are fundamental differences between Eastern and Western cultures and the meeting of these cultures has had several effects, both in Asia and here in the US. Overseas, you can see the juxtaposition of American pop culture on the older modes of Asian thought and society. Here, New Age religions find new excuses in Asian religions and philosophies and Anime is appears regularly on Saturday morning cartoons. Often, this juxtaposition becomes turbulentRead MoreNegotiations Between International Companies From American And Asian Cultures964 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent cultures or have different backgrounds, since negotiations are not only between companies from the same country, but also with companies from different countries. An example of this is the negotiations between international companies from American and Asian countries, a situation that is increasing a cause of the globalization. An even though this cultures know that negotiations is a significant component in bus iness, there are differences in how this process is approached by American and AsianRead MoreAsian Cultures And American Cultures Essay2460 Words   |  10 Pagesbackgrounds, and cultures. Cultures are very unique as they are different from country to country. Some adopt cultures that society accepts as the norm, while others adopt different types of cultures; cultures that not many people, especially those outside of the country, can see eye to eye and would sometimes find them rather ‘extreme’. When comparing Asian cultures and American cultures side by side, we can easily identify the many differences between the two. For one, Asian cultures are less openRead MoreAsian Cultures And American Cultures Essay2452 Words   |  10 PagesCulture: Earth is bigger than what most people think; it consists of 7 continents, 7 seas, and 196 different countries. Taking that into consideration, our earth currently is supporting over 7 billion people worldwide. That is 7 billion people who are different and individuals who share different thoughts, ideas, backgrounds, and cultures. Cultures are very unique as they are different from country to country. Some adopt cultures that society accept as the norm, while others adopt different typesRead MoreThe Culture Of Asian American And Being Labeled As An Ethnic1496 Words   |  6 Pagesissues of being an Asian-American and being labeled as an ethnic â€Å"other† in modern America. This label of â€Å"other† causes them to become marginalized and lose their sense of identity, belonging neither to Western culture nor Eastern culture. In order help stop this loss of identity in Asian-Americans, we must tear down the social construct of the â€Å"other† and integrate the different cultures into the melting pot of popular culture. Once we have stopped alienating different cultures, we can then haveRead MoreThe Differences Between Westernized American Culture And East Asian Islamic Culture Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesEast Asian Culture This world we live in is such a diverse place with many different cultures, religions, and traditions. Every culture has their own traditions and rules that they abide by, because this is the norm for that culture. By stepping out of what you were taught in your culture, and choosing to learn and try to understand why other cultures do things differently, you earn a new perceptive on this world. You earn a new respect for not only this other culture that you are learning aboutRead MoreJoy Luck Club Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesor not her family is proud of her and if she is successful in her job. Another way success is depicted is through how a mother successfully passes down her culture, knowledge, and spirit to her daughter. These are the various ways success and worth are depicted in this novel. Throughout The Joy Luck Club, both the Asian and American cultures navigate the concept of happiness. I believe the concept of happiness that dominates the novel is understanding yourself, passing on what you know to your descendants

Network Assignments Free Essays

Kim Doe Jung is a commercial attachà © in the Korean embassy. She works as an investment and financial consultant providing useful information and data to those interested to invest in Korea. Prior to the interview we had met at a luncheon organized in our college by the Korean Embassy. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Assignments or any similar topic only for you Order Now The luncheon was targeting students wishing to take their post graduate studies in a foreign country. Also invited along with students were business persons with an interest of investing in the expanding economy of Korea. Kim Doe Jung was a guest speaker and I was able to secure an interview through the help of one of my father’s friend who works in the embassy. She is an MBA graduate from a Korean University specializing in financial matters. The mere thought of interviewing was exciting and inspiring too. She had been able to accomplish what I have always looked forward to; she has my dream career. The interview took place inside the Korean Embassy’s expansive offices. She has a beautiful office facing the oval offices from afar. I was taken right up to her 3rd floor office by a security officer and she received me cordially which was rather flattering as I believed she had to be a very busy person. I had a large interest in knowing what her work duties and responsibilities entail. A commercial attachà © she told me was generally an agent of her own country, sent to a foreign land to represent her country’s commercial and financial affairs in that foreign land, I was hoping for a more specific answer and to get it I asked her to describe her typical average day to me. She arrives early in the morning, the first thing she does is to update the ambassador on any developments in her field. Then businessmen and women start coming in with all manner of issues. Some would wish to enquire on the likely trend that the inflation in Korea is taking and what the government is doing about it, how their investments are doing, any viable investment opportunities available. Koreans also drop by just for a casual visit, others have solid reasons like wishing the Korean government to negotiate for   trading concessions and low export duties for their goods. This is her typical day. Day in day out she is supposed to have answers to these questions as well as be able to analyze the recommendations she receives from the public. Her answers enabled me to have an idea of what to expect in my career dreams and was able to get from her responsibilities the enormity of the challenges a career diplomat goes through. To her, being a diplomat job is quite a challenge and ideal candidates for the job have to exercise diligence and good work ethics. One has to have high analytical and communication skills, be a team player, have a willingness to learn new things, physical stamina to withstand long working hours and ability to cope and interact with persons of diverse communities. This was very helpful, and this being my dream career, I was able to know the areas I needed to improve on as well as appreciating my strengths (Zachary Bromer, n.d). The working conditions are just marvelous as I could discern from what I could see: her office was smart and exotically furnished with expensive Korean rugs, she was also expensively dressed. She told me that her job is well paying as one has to be well compensated for accepting to work overseas away from her family. This interview, I must say, was an eye opener. It was my first interview with a person of such a high social standing and who represents interest of a far away state. Her confidence and intelligence were equally inspiring. Now I have a strong conviction to follow my intended career path, armed with the information that she gave to me.I have to act with reasonable diligence, work to improve on my strengths and weaknesses to achieve my life time goal of a career diplomat. Reference: Zachary Bromer, Salary.com contributor; Dream job: diplomat Available online at http://www.salary.com/careers/layouthtmls/crel-display-cat10-ser136-par236.html Accessed How to cite Network Assignments, Essay examples

Margaret Sanger Essay Example

Margaret Sanger Essay Margaret Sanger was a pioneering advocate for birth control in the United States, along with Asia and Europe, during the 20th century. In her autobiography, Margaret explains the many obstacles she had to overcome and what were her driving forces during her crusade for womens rights throughout the early to mid 20th century. Margaret was born on September 14, 1879 in Corning, NY into a middle class family. She was sixth of the eleven children her mother gave birth to. Her father was an Irish-born stonemason who challenged the children to think. Margarets father practiced Socialism because he believed it was the closest to the Christian philosophy. Margaret has also cited him as, the spring from which she drank from. Her mother, a Catholic Irish-American, stayed at home with the children, which was expected of mothers during this period. At fifty Margarets mother died from tuberculosis, although, Margaret believes it was the frequent birth that was the underlying cause to her death. Her two older sisters helped Margaret attend college in 1896 and then continued in a nursing program in 1900. During her work at the hospital as a nurse, she was always touched by the trust given to a nurse during the birth of a child. Soon after the birth, Margaret would be bombarded with questions, from various mothers, on what they could do to prevent having another child to soon. Besides her patients, even though her father disapproved of her being a nurse, the ideals, of generosity and equality, set by her father and the death of her mother along with their struggles financially in daily life were the underlying force that drove her. We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Sanger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Sanger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Sanger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Margaret believed that the right to decide and choose when to have children was the key to independence, along with economic stability, for women. In 1902, Margaret married and had three children. They moved to New York City by 1910, where she continued work as a visiting nurse, and joined a circle of intellectual activists. Liberals, Socialists, anarchists, and I. W. W. s would meet in their living room to express their ideals for society. Margaret compares this time, pre-WWI, to the Renaissance where ideas flourished as everyone spoke about new liberties. Margaret joined a Socialist Party in which someone had donated a sum of money towards the interest of women in Socialism. Margaret was chosen to help recruit new members among working women. A woman in the group asked Margaret to help her speak to a handful of women about labor. Margaret did not feel qualified enough to talk about labor but instead spoke to them about health. The women asked so many intimate questions about family life that Margaret told the woman, who asked her to go along with her to speak, about it. Together they decided to create an article for women to answer some common questions about sex, What Ever Girl Should Know (1912), which would be published in a newsletter named the Call. The article ran for only three or four weeks due to the Comstock laws, which the Post Office was able to enforce. She soon began to write again but was unable to include such information as STDs. Margaret was later asked, during a labor strike, to help with the children. This was Margarets first encounter, in all her nursing in the slums, with children in such a ragged and deplorable a condition. Although Margaret tried to help wherever she could, she kept thinking that their must be something more she could do for the poor families who needed some kind of assistance in order to bring them out of the slums. She saw strikes as the need of man to support his family in a healthy condition. Furthermore, Margaret was resenting the fact that women were not being included in this new world everyone was trying to create. She believed people were overlooking the issue of quality when anyone spoke about life. Margaret began to see her patients as a woman in childbirth but as a person and began to examine their background along with their outlook. Again, Margaret would be bombarded with question on how to prevent pregnancies. Within her circle in the middle class, she had only known about two methods but both placed the responsibility solely on the male. Among this class, pregnancy was a chronic condition. As Margaret visited more often, she began to hear stories about miscarriages or deaths, which all, even with some kind of sorrow, was accompanied by relief. Even of women who died from an abortion or a child who was institutionalized came to them, although sorrowful, as a relief. The turning point for Margaret to become more then just a nurse but try to help create something to prevent pregnancies for women came almost instantly after losing one of her patients who merely months before pleaded with her for the secret to not get pregnant again since it would kill her. Margaret searched for information but even when she found some she would hit a wall which would unable her from passing the information along, the federal Comstock law (1873). The Comstock law prohibited any form of literature or practice of contraception, or abortion. In 1913, Margaret and her husband moved to Europe hoping to escape the poverty and despair she had seen. In England, Margaret found that the situation was more horrific then in America. Women were walking around with half a shawl around them and the other to cover their babies. Poor women were treated as the lowest of the low and had no help to change their condition. In France Margaret noticed that peasant women had a limited family size and asked how they were able to do it, to which they replied that there were recipes that were handed down from generations. Frenchwomen regarded the use of such contraception, as their individual right. The peasant women knew no man would marry them unless, she knew how to limit the amount of children she would have, thus lessening any financial burden. The last day in December (1913), Margaret left her husband with her kids to return to America with the handful of recipes she had collected. It was on this trip Margaret came up with the idea to publish a magazine, called The Woman Rebel, to help the poor women who had no voices. She decided to take on the smaller Comstock state laws and published The Woman Rebel, in 1914. This was published monthly, which advocated birth control. She had three attempts in which she attempted to circulate the magazine that ended up banned due to the Post Office. Margaret was soon served papers to appear in court for violating the Comstock laws and if convicted would face no less then 45 years. Margaret compiled all her contraceptive information onto a pamphlet called, Family Limitation, as a different approach to getting the information out the low-middle class families in New York. It was printed once, during the night, but unfortunately due to lack of funds, only a hundred thousand copies were created. Margaret was unwilling to risk jail time once she was refused time to organize her case and skipped bail leaving her children. Margaret headed for England under the alias Bertha Watson. Once in England, she sought other people who held similar beliefs and supported her in order to build a case. Margaret met Havelock Ellis, who she became very influenced by due to his beliefs on the importance in female sexuality. Margaret broadened her case by turning to the physiological aspect of birth control. In 1915, Margaret was jailed for thirty days for her distribution of Family Limitation. Shortly after Margaret returned to New York and faced the charges she had ran from. Unfortunately during this time Margarets daughter died, the government decided to drop the charges if she said she would never break the Comstock law again, to which she denied. Margaret then turned to the argument of freedom of speech and not only became a leader in that but was approached to present the new idea about clinics. Margaret based clinics on those seen in Netherlands while she was there. There was no such law against birth control as in America and therefore had several clinics to help women and their family condition through contraception. In 1916, Margaret opened the doors not only to the first birth control clinic in New York, or the country, but also across the world, except for the Netherlands. Before Margaret opened the door, there was a huge line that rounded the corner. Once inside, she simply explained what contraception was and that abortion was the wrong thing to do, because of not only the health risks but also you are still taking a life. Nine days later Margaret was arrested and the clinic was shut down. Margaret was convicted and spent thirty days in prison. Despite her conviction, the publicity surrounding the Brownsville Clinic caught the attention of many wealthy supporters. Together they started a movement to reform birth control. New York State ruled that only doctors could run clinics in which contraceptive information could be given out; therefore, in 1923 Margaret opened a doctor-run clinic. The clinic, the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, was born and had all female doctors along with social workers, thus becoming a model for all other clinics in America, (Plan Parenthood). In 1929, Margaret founded the National Committee on Federal Legislations for birth Control. Its purpose was to pass a bill so doctors could legally dispense contraceptives, which eventually failed due to the Catholic Churchs influence. However, the courts did eventually, in 1936, rule that the Comstock laws did not apply to physicians. Through the many struggles during an era of turmoil, Margaret Sanger was a woman who stayed strong in her beliefs and went to great lengths to selflessly help mothers. Margaret Sanger helped in the production of most of the contraception used today, such as: spring-form diaphrams, spermicidal jellies, foam powders, hormonal contraceptives, and even the birth control pill. Compared to secondary sources Margaret Sangers autobiography is written in much depth about her life and the obstacles she had to overcome. As a reader, you are able to intimately know Margaret, at least what she wants you to know. In the autobiography, especially when Margaret describes her home life, she states what the outward appearance is, or in other instances the situation, and then weaves together how she fits not only personally but also emotionally. The autobiography lets the reader view the actions as Margaret saw them. This approach, unlike the secondary source, gave me a greater respect toward her strength not only as an activist but also as a woman. From a second hand source, you have a distance between the reader and Margaret, although it is mostly composed of facts with no emotion. Also, a secondary source such as Margaret Sanger: Biographical Sketch, did not show how Margaret managed to succeed at her goals yet merely spoke about them and how they influenced the culture today rather then the direct people at that time. In another secondary source, Margaret Sanger, the mother of birth control, the text is written much like Margarets autobiographies introduction in which there is no meat, input for Margaret, yet just facts. Margarets autobiography opens a mysterious window into the past in which the reader feels her pain, her fears, and becomes part of society as we watch this woman unfold out of her cocoon and take flight. She was able to lightly capture many themes during that era. The only downfall to an autobiography is the reader is unable to see the perspective from the opposing view or the outside events other then from Margarets viewpoint. Margaret, not only in the secondary sources but also her autobiography, appeared not to have changed direction of her goal yet took different avenues to achieve it. Margaret went from wanting free contraceptive devises for all as a Socialist, to clinics in which doctors dispenced contraceptive devices as an Idealist/Feminist. Margarets autobiography also extended beyond the movement in America, unlike the other sources, into Europe comparing/contrasting the government and personal ideals towards motherhood. As a reader, I feel compelled to question how Margaret supported her children once she began to travel and the effects it caused on her children, especially when she left her husband just to turn around to protest her charges in New York. I have trouble seeing how the threat of jail would not affect her decision. Also, Margaret included many areas that I felt were weak, the dead space, who she was running around with after her and her husband separated; although, to historians this information may be useful. As a reader, I enjoyed the different stories about her experiences and interactions with people as a nurse and the court trials. I find it fascinating the society, along with our culture, has change so much.