The Stanford Experience Essay Example

The Stanford Experience Essay Criminal justice is a system at which authorities use to   maintain social order, control crimes and punish those who violate laws. The prison guards and the prison itself play an intertwined role in creating punishment to those who have committed a behavior that is not morally accepted. And often, experiences insider a jail will create severe effects to those who have been imprisoned, and may also bring about changes in the behavior of the jail guard himself.The changes in the behavior and compliance of the jail guards and the prisoners and how the feeling of containment in a prison cell has drastically developed is discovered in the Stanford Prison Experiment wherein 18 college boys were taken to play the roles of nine guards and   nine prisoners. The changes happened fast that the experiment had to be cut at the sixth day rather than the original two-week experiment.In doing such a delicate experiment that involves the feelings of the subjects, it must be provided that the peo ple behind the experiment employs the scientific principles on experiment.On empiricism, the experiment has succeeded in terms of making the prisoners and the guards feel that they are indeed prisoners in real life. the situation created for both objects were too realistic that in such a short time, the prisoners and the guards developed the sense of being a real prison and a real guard who ought to do their jobs in maintaining order in the jail. They have also consumed the role play and later on developed the real anguish that real prisoners feel, and the jail guards on their part have felt their power incontrollable that they tend to abuse the authority they hold just like real prison guards do. On objectivity, the first part of selection was purely objective as the subjects were chosen to play the role of either a prisoner or a guard randomly through a toss coin. However, as the experiment progressed, the participants suffered the feeling of subjectivity towards their roles. This subjectivity being an offset of empathy towards the role they play.They have so consumed that they have absorbed the real persona of the role they play. Prisoners felt that they are really prisoners and the guards responded the way that a real jail guard would have responded during the activity. On skepticism, though the researchers were aware of the situation, they themselves were really surprised of the outcome of the project. A proof of this was the original two-week plan being cut short to barely a week because of the heightened emotions that surged through out the experiment. On ethical neutrality, as the subjects were chosen randomly, they were able to let them play the role without biases towards the role. As for the researchers side, during the whole experiment, they were feeling as if they were jail superintendents and officer rather than being a doctor studying the psychological effects of imprisonment.Thus I believe that the experiment has passed the standards for ethica l neutrality. On parsimony, I believe that the experiment has used the most resources they could at the least amount. They have used minimal resources that only served as improvised for the real situation they wanted to role-play but resulted a highly accurate turn outs with minimal complex relations. On determinism, every action done by either side was responded by another act from the other side. Meaning, the subjects developed a system of mechanisms intended to correspond to a situation that aroused within the experiment. On publication, as can be viewed in the website, it served as a reflective account of how the experiment turned out. The proper documentation of the experiment made it possible for people to view and assess the development and success or failure of the experiment. (Fitzgerald, pp 36-42)Given these aspects, I think that the experiment has complied well in the scientific principles of research. They were able to successfully extract real facts and real life anguis h of prisoners and jail guards. They were able to fully portray the situation of real life prison experiences in the least controlled way possible to them that adds to the credibility of the experiment. A proof of this is the way that outsiders (for the purpose of the experiment) reacted upon seeing the situation of the subjects inside the jail. They too, developed the feeling that indeed, their sons have become real prisoners.Moreover, on the basis of research methodology and ethical standards, every experiment must maintain ethical standards. The researcher must avoid giving moral judgments that may result to being bias.On anonymity and confidentiality, the experiment have used numbers instead of names for two purposes: one is to strip the prisoners their identity and start to succumb to the emotions of being a real prisoner, and the other is to keep their identity out from the public, that only the researchers know the real identity of their subjects. On risk and voluntary inform ed consent, the subjects of the trial went through a procedure of â€Å"audition† for the â€Å"role†. The researchers posted an ad to attract possible subjects for the experiment. And when these college people came, they went though a series of testing to ensure that they know what they were doing and they were prepared for the hazards that being a subject of the experiment entailed. On deception in research, I think that the experiment did not employ such, as the subjects of the experiment were given details of what the experiment is trying to prove. Before hand, the subjects were briefed of the set up that they had to go through for the sake of the experiment. On sharing the results and benefits of research, at the end of the experiment when they had to cut the process on the sixth day, the researchers held encounter sessions with the subjects to see how the experiment changed their feelings and how the situation affected them. (Fitzgerald, pp 48-53)Given these fact s, I think that the study has complied with the ethical standards, needed to perform a research that shall protect the subjects. Although the subjects particularly the prisoners suffered high level of anxiety, they were properly guided before the start of the experiment. They were paid for their participation and after the experiment they were given encounter sessions to permit the subjects to voice out their opinions regarding the experiment and to express the suppressed emotions they had during the experiment.Though the sample population used was remarkably small, the experiment was still able to create a picture of what happens in real life prisons. It served as a small-scale description of the real situation in prisons wherein prisoners suffer from extreme anxiety and unrest inside prisons, while jail guards on the other hand develop an extreme sense of authority which they abuse and in turn, alters their personality. The results are reflective of the situation in prisons like A ttica, wherein the demands of the prisoners is just to simply treat them as humans. The experiment has proven how prisons dehumanize prisoners, how institutions like this who are supposed to teach law violators how to have human feelings have devoid them of this basic principle.The experiment is now used as basis for the current situation in Iraq, and how political prisoners are being treated, and also on certain areas wherein prisoners are being humiliated and devoid of their rights.The experiment is based on an observational, cohort study, wherein randomly selected individuals are placed on a situation which is totally new to all of the subjects, and in the process are put under keen observation to assess how the subjects have changed according to the situation that they were put in. The factors being observed are about the changes that the groups may develop in the course of the experiment.As stated in the experiment, the individuals chosen to become as subjects of the experiment were chosen among many other who wanted to take the role after being subjected to several mental questionings. After they were chosen, two groups were made, nine per group to become prisoners and guards. No control variable or interference from the investigators was employed. Only the real experiences inside the set-up jail was being taken accounted for. The experiment however, yielded results that though were expected, it came in such a short time. In two days, barely even half of the experiment, the two groups: guards and prisoners, have developed as sense of reality towards their situation. The guards have acted as real guards, trying to suppress the prisoners and developed a sense of abuse with the authority given to them. On the other hand, the prisoners acted and felt as prisoners, they were stripped off their true identity and absorbed the anxiety and anguish of being left in containment, with pressure and time distorting factors being prevalent in the activity.The success o f the experiment in depicting real life situation in prisons can serve as a basis to assess abuse of power against prisoners and a how a system for reformation can be made to emancipate the conditions of prisoners and reprimand the authorities who abuse their powers inside prison grounds. The effect of the experiment was so abrupt that in a mere six days, ordinary college students were transformed into their not usual characteristics (Zimbardo). With this in mind, we could just imagine how real life prisoners have been suffering from real life guards who have fully absorbed their role as â€Å"agents of criminal justice.†Thus the challenge lies on how to change this system. A change in system that shall eliminate the notion of prisons as hell, and make it a place that is conducive for change and remorse.The experiment has gone through the process and has proven the basis of their thesis, that in real life, prisons do not act as a vehicle for change. This experiment serve as w ake up calls for those in authority to assess their system and formulate policies that shall eliminate abuse of authority and promote the welfare and right of prisoners.

Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) - Facts and Figures

Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) - Facts and Figures Name: Horned Gopher; also known as Ceratogaulus (Greek for horned marten); pronounced seh-RAT-oh-GALL-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (10-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About one foot long and a few pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large head with small, beady eyes; paired horns on snout About the Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) One of the most improbable megafauna mammals of Miocene North America, the Horned Gopher (genus name Ceratogaulus) certainly lived up to its name: this foot-long, otherwise inoffensive gopher-like creature sported a pair of sharp horns on its snout, the only rodent ever known to have evolved such an elaborate head display. To judge by its small eyes and mole-like, long-clawed front hands, Ceratogaulus evaded the predators of its North American habitat and avoided the noonday heat by burrowing into the grounda trait shared by the prehistoric armadillo Peltephilus, the only other known horned, burrowing mammal in the fossil record. (The Horned Gopher also bears an uncanny resemblance to the mythical Jackalope, which, however, seems to have been made up out of whole cloth sometime in the 1930s.) The big question, of course, is: why did the Horned Gopher evolve horns? An amazing amount of paperwork has been expended on this mystery, the most likely answer coming to us via the process of elimination. Since both male and female Horned Gophers possessed horns of roughly the same size, these horns clearly couldnt have been a sexually selected characteristicthat is, males didnt impress females during mating season with their long hornsand the structures were oriented in such a way that they would have been of practically no use in digging. The only logical conclusion is that these horns were intended to intimidate predators; a hungry Amphicyon, for instance, might have thought twice about lunching on the bite-sized Ceratogaulus (and getting a mouthful of painful horn in the process) if a more easily swallowed creature happened to be cowering nearby.

Strategic management analysis. Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic management analysis. Starbucks - Essay Example History of Starbucks Starbucks as a company was started way back in 1971 in Seattle Washington. The company is an American global cooperation that happens to center its core business in the selling of coffee at its coffee houses which are globally distributed. The company currently has about 19,972 stores operating in 60 countries world-wide. The United States alone is host to about 12,937 branches of the coffee company. In the 1990’s the company happened to experience a period of rapid growth and was estimated to be opening at least one branch of the coffee house each and every day. This positive trend in company growth was seen and experienced late into the 2000’s (Thompson and Gamble 1997). In line with the current market demands, the coffee house has been introducing various new product offerings to satisfy the evolving needs of its clients. Some of the new product offerings include the introduction of sweet pastries, hot and cold sandwiches and snacks. The coffee house has also started selling items such as Starbucks tumblers and mugs. The company’s product offering is found to be mostly seasonal and tailor made to satisfy the needs of its clients in a given geographical location. Recently, the company’s ice cream and coffee products have started being distributed in various grocery stores all over the United States (Hill and Jones 2012). Starbucks has also recently been working hard at expanding into other sectors via the establishment of several subsidiaries such as its Hear Music Brand as well as the Starbucks Entertainment Division. The company has also taken to marketing books, films and even music (Starbucks 2012). The Coffee House Market in the United States In the United States, there has been a significant boom in the coffee shop business. This has been largely noticed especially in the offering of specialty coffees that are currently being offered by certain shops in the industry. The spur in growth in the coffee house market in the country has been mainly spurred by the recent trend by American coffee consumers which has seen them becoming increasingly educated as to how the espresso-based drinks in the industry are made (Starbucks 2012). As per the data provided by the First Research, the United States alone is host to an estimated 20,000 coffee shop businesses whose total annual combined revenue is estim ated to clock at around $10billion as of the

Counceling (w3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counceling (w3) - Essay Example Therefore, psychologists and psychiatrist nowadays pay a great attention in solving family problems. Psychologists have been adopting a method in their counseling therapy called "Family Systems Theory". "[It] works with families and couples to nurture change and development," (Wikipedia1). This theory perceives the family as an independent and interdependent system. Therefore, this theory focuses on fixing any present damages between the parts of the family. In other words, the Family Systems Theory aims at repairing the relationships between the family members in order to end any stressful situations and solve any existing problems. There are several techniques which the therapist uses in order to reach his prime target. However, the main and most principle step is family meetings. "This offers the opportunity to discuss specific, practical issues and provides a safe space to talk about feelings that surround [the family] and long-term planning," (CareSupportofAmerica1). The therapi st meets with the family together trying to listen to their individual points of view. This step is considered to be extremely beneficial because the psychologist gets a fair chance of viewing the way each member of the family interacts with the other. Moreover, everyone gains an opportunity of knowing the other persons point of view, which can absolutely be a successful way of resolving a lot of current misunderstandings (Wikipedia1). The counselor within his sessions tries to point out and explain to the whole family different methods of dealing with problems and certain situations than the ones they have been adopting or using (Wikipedia1). In other words, the psychotherapist trains the family members how to alter their responses towards each other in certain situations in order to change their behaviors and thus prevent future conflicts. The family systems theory is used by psychologists all over the world.

Henry Carey as an economist thinker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Henry Carey as an economist thinker - Essay Example The criteria that a particular society uses to answer these aspects shape the society’s nature and influence the best answers to these questions (Thompson, 2007). There a number of approaches used to manage economic activities of people living in a society. Whatever approach used, it is necessary to integrate or incorporate behavior of all members in the society. The economic thought history is a study of essential attempts to describe, analyze, and explain the relationships in idealized or actual economic system (Thompson, 2007). Time and life of Henry Carey A. A biography of Henry Carey 1793-1879 Henry Carey was the first son of Mathew Carey, who was an Irish freedom rebel. In the year 1817, Henry Carey became a partner in his father’s publishing company and later resigned from the firm to study economic matters. He published his first economic book in the same year, â€Å"Essay on the Rate of Wages†. ... The American Biography Dictionary affirms that Henry Carey â€Å"made the basic departure (from economic theories of British) of stating that the land gets its value from the resources spent on it†, and that employees’ wages increase at a higher rate than capital returns, therefore, attention towards â€Å" a progressive wealth diffusion amongst the poor in a society†. Following the economic and financial depression of the 1837 panic, Carey turned out to a vocal and fierce free trade opponents in the 1840s (Homestead, 2005). His first new economic statement was in his 1845 brochure â€Å"Commercial Associations in English and France† followed by â€Å"Past, Present, and Future† in 1848. Henry’s next edition was â€Å"The Harmony of Interests: Agricultural, Manufacturing & Commercial† in the year 1851, which is famous for its fierce and repeated attacks on economic doctrines of the British. He later turned his thought to the looming cri sis in America’s southern states in his 1853 book, â€Å" The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign† warning against the slave trade in of the British. Henry became one of the highest outstanding supporters of the Republican Party in the 1850s (Homestead, 2005). B. Demand-the reasons that society would desire and pay for the Henry Carey’s economic thoughts Henry Carey’s economic thoughts were of higher significance to the society. His two slogans, â€Å"Protection to American labor† and â€Å"Harmony of Interests† encapsulated his worldview. Henry Carey had a vision to the American society in which small developing and manufacturing towns would prosper across the land (Peskin, 2007). Society demanded his economic thoughts whereby, according to him

The stock exchange of egypt

The stock exchange of egypt Country Research (Egypt)Country Research The stock exchange of Egypt is situated in Cairo, Egypt. The Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) is one of the oldest stock markets established in Middle East, who traced its origin from the merger of two stock exchanges in Egypt namely, Alexandria Stock Exchange which was established in 1883 and Cairo Stock Exchange established in 1903, now known as Egyptian Stock Exchange which was formerly known as Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchange (CASE). Both exchanges were very active in 1940s, and both the exchanges combined were ranked fifth in the world. The vision of Egyptian Stock Exchange is â€Å"To be a World-Class, Egypt-based exchange: which would serve best to its stakeholders in the Middle East and North Africa region.† (The Egyptian Exchange, 2010). As every stock exchange has certain values and duties, the EGX also has system of values which have a common denomination of ethics practiced with every individual whether it is customer, members, issuers, local investment communiti es, employees and regulators. The Chairman, Mr. Maged Shawky is the head of the Egyptian Stock Exchange. (The Egyptian Exchange, 2010). The exchange has trading session from 10:30am to 2:30 pm on all days except Fridays and Saturdays and holidays declared in advance by the Exchange. Measure of Activity The main performance indicator or measure of activity of Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) is EGX30, which was previously known as CASE30 index. It includes the top 30 companies in terms of liquidity or 30 most active companies in the Egyptian Stock Exchange. The CASE 30 was started with base value of 1000 points on January 2, 1998 and was renamed to EGX 30 on March 1st, 2009. Any company to get listed or to get included in EGX30 must have a 15% free float. (The Egyptian Exchange, 2010). Trends in Egyptian Stock Exchange Egypt has a long and rich history of financial market. In late 1980s, Egypt had a sophisticated financial structure holding a mature stock exchange in both Alexandria and Cairo. (Wilson, 1995). The Egyptian Stock market has experienced several fundamental changes during major periods such as from 1888-1958, 1959-1971, 1972-1992, and 1992-present. Egyptian stock market was very mature and remarkable at earlier phases of its operation; in 1940s both the exchanges were very active. In 1959-1971 phases the stock exchange left its effective operations due to the intervention of government policies and restrictions. (MohieEldin, Sourial, 2000). After high intervention of government, there were several attempts made to improve the working and effectiveness of failing Egypt stock market which continued to stagnate. In 1990s the Egypt stock market went under significant revival of government liberalization policies and finally in 1997, major changes were made in Egypt stock market that refor med the stock market and several important steps have been taken by government to modernize the stock exchange. The Egyptian Stock Market has significantly grown by 40% per year since the 1997 reforms and in May, 2001 it reached $36.7 billion. (AMF, 2001). In the current situation of Egypt Stock market, the prices of share fell down on Monday and EGX30 index fell by 3.84 percent with the closing of stock market (AFP, 2010). With the losses on two consecutive days the Egyptian Stock Exchange rose on Tuesday with an increase of 2.1 percent in the EGX30 gaining 140 points close to 6659 and the prices of share jumped to 3.5 percent (Egypt News, 2010). Egypt Stock market History The Egyptian Stock exchange is one of the oldest stock exchange which was established in the Middle East. In early times Egypt had two stock exchanges namely Alexandria Stock exchange which was established in 1883 and then Cairo Stock exchange in 1903. The Alexandria futures market was one of the oldest market in the world. The first transaction which took place in 1885 was of cotton in Alexandrias cafà © de lEurope, which was later, named as Mohamed Ali Square. At that time Reputation was everything and timing and reliability was considered to be important if the profits were made on regular basis. There were two respected institutions which were affiliated with the International Cotton Congress. At an informal meeting in the early 1900s, the Monsieur Maurice Cattaui reminded the merchants and broker that there should be stocks exchange in Cairo same as of Alexandria. The official headquarters for Cairo stocks exchange was chosen to be the old premise of Ottoman Bank. In 1928, the Cairo stocks exchange moved into its present premise Sherifien Street. In July 1961, the two stock exchanges merged into Cairo and Alexandria stock exchange which was ranked fifth in the world in terms of market capitalization. (The Egyptian Exchange, 2010). Currency and its The official currency of the Egypt is Egyptian Pound (Geneih) usually written as L.E. Earlier Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire until the French occupation took control in 1798 and later on by British in 1801. In early 1900s the Egypt was made a British protectorate. In 1922, the Egyptian kingdom was declared and on November 14, 1936 Egypt gained its full independence. From 1958-1961, Egypt was untied with Syria, as a part of United Arab Republic. In 1834, the financial system was reformed by Mohammed Ali, setting 1 Egyptian Piastre/Qrish divisible into 40 Para and equal to 1/100 Pound. On November 14, 1985, the Gold standard was adopted and in 1898, the National Bank of Egypt started issuing Bank Notes but they were not legal until 1914. In 1961, Central Bank of Egypt took control and became the ultimate authority of issuing note and they started issuing some small denomination notes (Global Financial Data, 2010). The Egyptian Pound was pegged to the US dollar until 2000 and cent ral bank of Egypt was forced to devalue the Egyptian Pound due to several economic crisis in Egypt. From 2000-2003 the value of Egyptian Pound felt almost to 50 percent. The paper money of Egypt has two faces; an English face and an Arabic face and there are different pictures on each faces. The Arabic face has pictures of mosques in Egypt while the English side has Pharaonic scene. The coins are generally made of silver and copper and the coins have pictures of pyramids on one side and value denomination on the other side (Egyptvoyager, 2000). Banking The banking sector of Egypt is one of the well-established part of the economy and the first bank in Egypt was dated back in 1920s and expanded markedly in 1970s by their so called open door policy (AmCham Egypt, 2010). The Central Bank of Egypt is the governing body of the banking sector in Egypt, which comprises of 11 Investment banks, 24 commercial and joint venture banks, 15 branches of foreign banks and 3 specialized banks (HSBC, 2001). There has been continuous growth in the annual growth in deposits and assets. By June 2004, the ROE and ROA of Egyptian banks rose to 9.8% and 0.5% respectively. The Egyptian banking sector is improving with time and has gone various reforms in the form of MA, privatization from 1991 up to today. (AmCham Egypt, 2010). Egyptian Currency Exchange to USD The Egyptian Pound is the official currency in Egypt and its symbol is  £E. The Current conversion of Egyptian Pound to US Dollar. Mathematically, 5.50 Egyptian pound per 1 USD. (Indirect Quote) (CoinMill, 2010) 0.18 USD per 1 Egyptian pound. (Direct Quote) (CoinMill, 2010) Business Practices In the Egyptian business culture, the key to doing business well is patience. Initial contacts regarding business are very important and they often mean the difference between success and failure. Egyptians are little more concern on the part of trust and know how i.e. why they mostly do the business that they know or trust, for this reason before practicing any business in Egypt one should have a mediator or a representative who can assist in meeting and acts as go-between (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). As there is diversity in culture of every nation, there are certain Dos and Donts while practicing or starting or doing a business in Egypt which must be followed. Dos Before doing business, make appointments which should be scheduled either in written or over telephone a week before the appointment. (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). Maintaining an eye contact with the Egyptian counterpart, especially with male colleague is a sign of truth and honesty. (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). Always wait for your Egyptian business associate to initiate the greeting at first meeting. Addressing Egyptian counterparts with their title followed by their surname is deeply appreciated with pride. (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). While doing a business impeccable appearance is important. Male business visitors should wear suits with neckties on most occasion. Donts Rushing or forcing the Egyptian business counterpart while making quick decision can sometimes proves to be ineffective. (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). If, Egyptian business associate stands very close to you and talk then dont get surprised and dont try to get back as this would create a bad impression and may lead to offence. Asking detailed question about their family members is considered to be inappropriate, especially family members. (CIA World Fact Book, 2007). Avoid setting up meetings during Ramadan. Starting a business in Egypt While starting a business or a firm in Egypt, one has to go through the legal and bureaucratic hurdles. There is a certain procedure which has to be followed while registering a new company or a firm. (World Bank Group, 2010). The first and foremost step in starting a business is to obtain a legal certificate from a well-known authorized bank, which might cost EGP 300 and take up to a day to get the certificate in hand. Next step is to deposit the documents to the department of companies, which are viewed by a lawyer and a detailed invoice of all the fees is issued. Third step is to get the articles of association registered and notarize the companys contract. After the articles are registered, the authority then issues a certificate notifying the establishment of the company; this process might take up to 24 hours. Once the company gets establishment certificate, the company completes the tax registration process. Last step is to get the employees registered with the National Authority of Social Insurance. (The World Bank Group, 2010) Negotiation Practices Egyptian business people are mostly experienced in doing business and interacting with outsiders. While negotiating with these people one thing should always be kept in mind is that the people here expects the things to be done in their way. (Katz, 2008). There are some negotiating practices while doing a business in Egypt: Leveraging relationships is a key element while negotiating in Egypt and Egyptian business people never look for situations like win-win. (Katz, 2008). Pace of negotiation is slow and protracted and often negotiation decisions are made in rounds rather than at a table.(Katz, 2008) Information is not shared freely as Egyptians think sharing information can create bargaining advantages. (Katz, 2008) Egyptian businessmen are very smart at using deceptive techniques and are often use them. Sources AFP. (2010), retrieved from http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g4kHjFmtReyhZpAkC_AVAs312NYA AmCham. (2010), American chamber of commerce in Egypt, retrieved from http://www.amcham.org.eg/BSAC/StudiesSeries/Report47.asp AMF. (2001), The database for Arab financial markets, pp. 51-55, AMF: Abu Dhabi CIA World Fact Book. (2007), retrieved from, http://www.communicaid.com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20Egypt.pdf Coin Mill. (2010), retrieved from, http://coinmill.com/EGP_USD.html#EGP=1 The Egyptian Exchange. (2010), retrieved from, http://www.egyptse.com/English/Mission_vision.aspx The Egyptian Exchange. (2010), retrieved from, http://www.egyptse.com/English/homepage.aspx Egypt News. (2010), retrieved from, http://news.egypt.com/en/201003249948/news/-business/egyptian-stock-exchange-rallies-jumps-2.1-pct.html Egypt Voyager. (2000), retrieved from, http://www.egyptvoyager.com/features_money.htm Global Financial Data. (2010), retrieved from, http://www.ameinfo.com/financial_markets/Egypt/Currency/ Google Images. (2010), retrieved from, www.panoramio.com/photos/original/18078449.jpg HSBC Investment Bank. (2001), Treasury and Capital Markets: Guide to Egypt Katz, L. (2008), Negotiation International Business- The Negotiators Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World Mohie, E. M, Sourial, M.S. (2000), Institutional Aspects, Distributional characteristics and efficiency of Egyptian securities markets; recent trends in Arab stock markets: Recent trends and performances, pp. 1-44, Cairo: AVC press World Bank Group. (2010), retrieved from, http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/StartingBusiness/Details.aspx?economyid=61 Yahoo Finance. (2010), retrieved from, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=CMA.CAt=5yl=onz=mq=lc=4

The Books :: essays research papers

The Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Fahrenheit 451 books are burned on sight without exceptions. If I had the choice to save three books and â€Å"become† one, the first would be The Black Road which represents what greed and power can do to any kind of man. The second is A Spell For A Chameleon; it shows how if you’re different in any way from society you will be exiled out of the â€Å"group†. The Far Side Experience should be saved because it shows satire in the world around us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the world around us we see good men and women corrupted by positions of power and or money. In The Black Road, Kabraxis the demon corrupts a Priest of the Zakurumm church by offering him unlimited power and wealth. The way the demon corrupts other people is â€Å"the way of Dreams† which cures the person of whatever is wrong with them and sometimes making them wealthy. This is the book that I would â€Å"become† because I think it has the most meaning out of them all. That is why this book should be saved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Spell For A Chameleon should be saved because it shows how if you’re different then society then they will exile you from it. In Xanth (the land in which the story takes place) everyone has a unique magical power and if yours isn’t discovered by the time your 18 you are exile from Xanth into Mundane (normal realm). There is a powerful magician that can tell you if you have a power and he tells Bink (the main character) that his power is not only there but is very strong magic. Unfortunately this is how some societies today really are. The reason this book should be saved is it shows how you should not act towards somebody that is different from the majority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Far Side Experience should be kept because it shows satire in the world around us. Satire is a form of written that pokes fun at human weaknesses in hope to fix them. An example in this book is that it shows a kid at his birthday party and a liver truck is part of his party, he obviously doesn’t like liver but smiles anyway. This represents satire in that even though somebody doesn’t like something they will smile and lie that they like it. This can be wrong because people lie so others feelings aren’t hurt and some just because they cant tell the truth.

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star Group effort Total points: 100 (Course grade 25%) This case comprises four serially numbered stand-alone problems and the fifth one appears with the title of Lockheed Tri-Star. You are required to offer your calculations of values as indicated below. In addition to the calculations, write a brief summary of your findings in about 100 words for each problem. 1) Rainbow Products20 points | Machine Purchase| Machine plus service contract| Enhanced Machine| Payback period| 7 Years| 7. 78 Years| 7. 65 Years| NPV| ($945. 8)| $2,500. 00| $15,000. 00| IRR| 11. 49%| 12. 86%| 15. 43%| Decision (Yes/No)| NO| YES| YES| We would advise Rainbow Products to not purchase the paint-mixing equipment unless they decided take on the additional $500 per year expenditure to service the machine, or decided to reinvest 20% of the yearly cost savings back into new machine parts. Either of the last two options would benefit the company, unlike the first option, as the y provide both a positive Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) greater than the Cost of Capital.Although the last two options have longer Payback Periods than the first option, using Payback Period to make a determination in this example is not suitable because of the shortcomings of the method. 2) Concession Stand20 points Criteria| Add a new window| Update Equipment| New Stand| Rent| Any other option? – Wildcard – Add a New Window AND Update Existing Equipment| NPV ($)| $25,461. 91| $2,514. 18| $34,825. 76| $28,469. 88| $27,976. 08| NPV Rank – No WildcardNPV Rank – Wildcard| 34| 45| 11| 22| 3| IRR (%)| 34. 2%| 18. 01%| 31. 21%| 1207. 61%| 28. 10%| IRR Rank – No WildcardIRR Rank – Wildcard| 22| 45| 33| 11| 4| MIRR (%)| 26 . 77%| 16. 90%| 24. 82%| 255. 21%| 23. 01%| MIRR Rank – No WildcardMIRR Rank – Wildcard| 22| 45| 33| 11| 4| It would be in the best interest of the Concession Stand to either Build a New Stand, or Rent a Larger Stand. Under the NPV method, Building a New Stand would be the most beneficial option, with the Rent choice being the second best option.Under the IRR and MIRR methods, the Rent choice would be a clear favorite while the Building a New Stand choice would be the third most beneficial option. Their choice in which action to take would depend upon which methodology best aligned with their operational goals, although NPV is a more commonly used and trusted approach than IRR because of several issues that can derail IRR calculations. 3) MBATech, Inc. 20 points Alternative| Cost to the city ($)| Increase IRR to 25%| $122,103|Give 2-year payback| $256,522| NPV of $75,000 (at 20% discount)| $112,666| ARR of 40%| $173,913| Although the cost to the city could vary depending upon the timing of the subsidy payments due to the time value of money, our calculated costs reflect immediate payment of the subsidy during the initial investment period. With that said, the city w ould be wise in pursuing the NPV of $75,000 method as the cost of this method would be the least expensive of the four alternatives.An upfront payment to MBA Tech, Inc. , from the city, for $112,666 would be sufficient in pushing the NPV of the project to the $75,000 limit. The city should avoid the 2-year payback method if at all possible as this would have the greatest cost by a substantial margin. 4) Valu-Added Industries, Inc. 10 points NPV of the project| $100,000| Number of shares to be issued| 1,000| Price per share| $110. 00| By issuing 1,000 shares to the public at $10. 0 per share, Valu-Added Industries will be financing the entire project through investors. This action will also indicate to current stockholders that the future market value of the shares of stock of the company should be higher in value. With no further information, it would appear that both Valu-Added Industries, and their stockholders, would benefit from the organization taking on this opportunity, and t hat the value of the company would only increase by doing so. ) Lockheed Tri Star30 points At planned production levels of 210 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($584,048,126)| At planned production levels of 300 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($274,381,683)| At planned production levels of 323 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($206,205,933)| At what sales volume would the program reach true break even? | About 388|

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay

Beethoven was one of the pivotal composers that helped music evolve from the Classical period into the age of Romanticism. When discussing Beethoven’s success in classical compositions, his symphonies are at the forefront of most if not every conversation. However, even within the topic of his symphonies, some are naturally highlighted more than others. For example, one could reproduce the melody from either the opening movement of the Fifth or the finale of the Ninth and a majority of people would be able to recognize them. While these two works were revolutionary in the progression of symphonic music, they were not the only ones to have played important roles in this sense. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony is a pivotal work in the expansion of music with programmatic characteristics. However, this symphony is one that sways between the realms of absolute and program music, for it can be identified with both categories of symphonic music. While it is highly unlikely that Beethoven viewed this composition as a truly programmatic piece, the Sixth Symphony has played an important role in the development of the symphony as a genre and influenced future composers of program music as well. In order to discuss the significance of the Pastoral Symphony, one must first shed light on the difference of program music from that of absolute music. Author R. W. S. Mendl describes absolute music as being â€Å"that which gives us pleasure by the sheer delight in sound patterns without having any emotional, pictorial, or literary references† and claims that music with programmatic content â€Å"attempt[s] to represent scenes, objects, or events which exist apart from music.† It is hard to gauge the amount of programmatic works prior to the Pastoral Symphony, simply due to the fact that the term â€Å"program music† was not used as a defining category of music at the time of their release. An estimated eighth of all symphonic works that were presented before Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony were composed with the intent of conveying particular images or scenes. It would seem that with such a small percentage of varying works that were composed to contain prog rammatic ideas, labeling these works with a universal genre proved to be somewhat difficult. With the expansion of this style of writing, naturally the encompassing term â€Å"program music† would become associated with such pieces. Around the time of Beethoven’s composing, music was undergoing a shift from the Classical period into an age of Romanticism. Compositions were expanding in numerous ways regarding form, orchestration, and harmonies that were being implemented. Beethoven has been called â€Å"the innovator who broke through the limitations of Classicism without abandoning them.† This is truly evident through his symphonic writing. While on the cusp of the Romantic era, it became evident to him that the stature of absolute music was on the rise. Lewis Lockwood states that from a compositional aspect, Beethoven looked down upon ‘program music’ for its seemingly shallow representation of actual sounds and lack of originality. In response to this rising style of music, he composed the Pastoral Symphony with the intent of merging illus trative ideas of programmatic music with the structure of absolute music. Beethoven successfully achieved a blend of programmatic and absolute ideas with this symphony, in order to create an overall pastoral feeling of nature rather than depict any specific image. While the symphony and its five movements are labeled with titles that were created by Beethoven himself, he believed that the overall pastoral idea of this work could be perceived by the audience without a description that would usually be necessary with a complete program piece. It is this idea that helped Beethoven create the title as it can be viewed on early sketches, â€Å"Pastoral Symphony or Memories of Country Life: More the Expression of Feeling than Tone-Painting.† It would appear that Beethoven intended to create a general mood that expresses the idea of nature rather than rely on specific images or one precise story to achieve this. Despite Beethoven’s general feelings towards program music and his conscious efforts to claim that the Sixth Symphony was more a collection of overall feelings rather than an attempt at creating one specific image, this piece is neither absolute or programmatic music but a blend of the two styles. The first point in this argument would be the fact that Beethoven attached titles to each of the five movements within this symphony that depict certain scenes associated with pastoral ideas. The headings for the movements are as follow: ‘Pleasant feelings which are awakened in mankind on arrival in the country’, ‘Scene by the brook’, ‘Joyful fellowship of country folk’, ‘Thunder and Storm’, and ‘Beneficent feeling after the storm joined with thanks to the deity’. The mere fact that this symphony is the only one of his nine to contain subtitles attached to each movement that describe a scene of nature favors the thought of the symphony being more programmatic than absolute. However, if one were to look past the movement headings and take into consideration the content of the music, one would observe that the first two movements contain very little defined imagery. From an analytical perspective of the form, the first ha lf of the symphony is rather conventional and resembles the absolute approach to music. These movements hold true to the subheading for the symphony in regards to creating overall feelings rather than one precise painting or story. While there are compositional devices used to help convey the pastoral feeling within the first half of the symphony, it is not until the end of the second movement that Beethoven truly utilizes extra musical associations to convey imagery. This andante movement entitled ‘Scene by the brook’ ends with the flute, oboe, and clarinet engaged in a coda while imitating birdcalls. The composer himself labeled these three woodwind voices as a nightingale, a quail, and a cuckoo, respectively. These birdcalls have led to several debates, discussions, and even complete articles that attempt to analyze the true meaning of their existence in the piece. No matter how they are interpreted, one fact remains still. The birdcalls act as segues from the symphonic first half to the more programmatic portion of the piece. The second half of the Sixth Symphony ventures away from conventional symphonic composing techniques found in the first two movements and includes more programmatic material. A strong indication of programmatic material resides within the later half of the symphony, where Beethoven includes several pastoral elements to enhance the musical imagery. The third movement consists of excited melodies in a compound-meter stylized scherzo representing country-dances. There are several points within this movement that have a drone in the bass that has been viewed as a depiction of bagpipes, an instrument that was frequently associated with the representation of pastoral ideas. This jovial dance-like movement transitions into the fourth movement, which resembles a storm. The storm is â€Å"clearly an example of tone-painting† with its explosive minor chords that represent thunder and lightning and the constant patter of rain in the strings’ lines. Another significant feature added to the symphony that aids the pastoral image is the use of a ranz des vaches in the final movement. The ranz des vaches was an alpine horn call that herdsmen used to summon cattle. Author, David Wyn Jones notes in his book that â€Å"common features of ranz des vaches melodies are: triadic motion, dotted 6/8 meter†¦frequent use of grace notes, all harmonized mainly by the tonic triad.† While looking at the horn call that Beethoven uses within his symphony, one would notice that it meets all of the criteria that Jones listed. The imagery associated with the Pastoral Symphony depicts scenes from nature, which was a subject close to Beethoven’s heart. Through journal entries and letters, one can deduce Beethoven’s love for nature. The following is a letter to Austrian musician and friend, Therese Malfatti in 1810 that depicts his feelings about the outdoors: How fortunate you are to have been able to go to the country so early in the year! Not before the 8th shall I be able to enjoy this delight: I look forward to it with childish anticipation. How glad I shall be to wander about amidst shrubs, forests, trees, herbs and rocks! No man can love the country as I do. For it is forests, trees and rocks that provide men with the resonance they desire. Through this letter and several other firsthand records, one can clearly see Beethoven’s infatuation for the outdoors and the justifiable reason to compose a piece that commemorates this love. It makes sense that the first large-scale work that includes extensive amounts of imagery would reflect the thing that he admired most. Along with the simple beauty of nature, there were other factors that influenced Beethoven while writing his Sixth Symphony. The inclusion of nature and rustic ideas within music was not uncommon to composers prior to Beethoven. Pastoral subjects could be found in several theatrical presentations, operas, and intermezzo from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. One notable work that inspired the development of the Pastoral Symphony was an oratorio written by Franz Joseph Haydn, his teacher and mentor early on in his composing career. Haydn’s oratorio, The Seasons, had an impact on Beethoven while he wrote his Sixth Symphony. Haydn incorporates arpeggiated horn calls in the aria â€Å"Der muntre Hirt† that begin â€Å"a sequence of summer scenes that will [eventually lead] to the storm† later in the oratorio. Similarly, Beethoven opens the fifth and final movement of his symphony with an arpeggiated melody in the French horns that subsequently signify the end of the storm that took place in the previous movement. Another example of musical quotation that Beethoven purposely incorporated is an oboe melody that â€Å"has long been understood as a quotation from Bach’s chorale ‘Birch an, o Schà ¶nes Morgenlicht,’ from the second part of the Christmas Oratorio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is worth mentioning that prior to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, there had been other symphonic works to contain sections that resemble thunderstorms. Several commentaries on the Pastoral and its development discuss the 18th century German composer, Justin Heinrich Knecht and his piece entitled La Portrait musical de la nature. This work seems to contain similar programmatic ideas as that of Beethoven’s symphony, including a thunderstorm that interrupts the overall peaceful feeling of nature that resumes after the storm. In addition to preceding compositions that influenced Beethoven’s writings, there has been the suggestion for the possible influence from the literary writings of Scottish poet James Thomson, mostly that of his well known poems collectively titled â€Å"The Seasons†. While there is no concrete evidence that Beethoven took inspiration from this poem, some scholars feel that the poem possibly had an underlying effect on the outcome of the Pastoral Symphony. The text of the poem discusses nature, progressing through the four seasons starting with spring and ending with winter. The poem was translated to German in 1745 and served as a basis for Haydn’s oratorio that shares the same name. As discussed earlier, Beethoven drew inspiration from Haydn’s oratorio, so it would seem that he was indirectly influenced from the poetry of James Thomson for this reason even if he had no connection to the actual literature itself. So far there have been factors that support both sides of the argument in trying to define the Pastoral Symphony as either a work of absolute music, or one depicting tone painting. The mere fact that the piece contains an appropriate amount of material that justifies both categories, one should agree that this work could be viewed as the perfect synthesis of the two sides of the symphonic spectrum. The next step in understanding the influence that the Pastoral Symphony had on future composers of both absolute and programmatic works would naturally be to look at the general reception of the premiere of this piece. The Sixth Symphony received its first public performance on December 22nd, 1808 along with Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Beethoven worked on these two symphonies simultaneously in the years leading up to this concert. At this time however, the symphonies were labeled opposite of what they are viewed as today, which means that the Pastoral was written and performed as Beethoven’s fifth symphony, while the C-minor was viewed as his sixth. Over the course of time it would seem as though the Fifth Symphony has overpowered the Pastoral in the minds of audience members. While this may be true to some extent today, at the time, critics were singing praises to this wonderful portrayal of nature through melody and harmony. A review of the score in the musical journal of the time, Allgemeine musikalishce Zeitung, was typical in saying such things as â€Å"this work of Beethoven, wonderful, original, and full of life, which can be placed without hesitation besides his other masterworks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When comparing it to other compositions that focused on imagery of programmatic material, one critic claimed that â€Å"none of the musical paintings known until now can withstand comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Overall, the piece was welcomed positively and viewed as a representation for composers who desired to use programmatic features. Some of the compositional styles that would soon develop through the Romantic period can trace influence from Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony. When discussing compositions that drew inspiration from the Pastoral Symphony, one should mention Hector Berlioz’s programmatic work, Symphonie Fantastique. As a composer, Berlioz was an advocate for music with more programmatic tendencies and was viewed as a radical composer during his time. At one point in his career, Berlioz wrote critical reviews of Beethoven’s nine symphonies. When discussing the Sixth, he used descriptions such as, â€Å"delightful phrases [that] greet you, like the perfumed morning breeze† as well as â€Å"swarms of chattering birds in flight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With such joyous descriptions that Berlioz gave, it comes as no surprise that he would find inspiration from this piece for his own writing. Author, Owen Jander views the second movement in Beethoven’s symphony entitled â€Å"Scene by t he Brook† as an obvious â€Å"point of departure for the ‘Scene in the Meadows’ in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique†. As mentioned earlier, Beethoven’s second movement has been the topic of several discussions concerning the Sixth Symphony, specifically, the imitation of birdcalls that can be found at the close of the movement. Jander believes the calls to symbolize Beethoven’s acceptance of his growing deafness and his own fate. If one is to agree with this interpretation, then the connection to Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique becomes one that is easy to accept. Berlioz’s third movement, entitled â€Å"Scene in the Meadows† opens with the English horn and the oboe representing two shepherds that are calling to one another. At the end of the movement, one of the â€Å"shepherds† return once more but is not joined by the other, but is instead replaced by the distant roll of thunder heard in the timpani. Those familiar with the piece and its program know that the concluding two movements that follow represent a personal hell and damnation for the protagonist. The connection between both that of Beethoven’s and Berlioz’s works would be the idea that both composers are aware of their own fate and accept it through the illustration of music. Another composer that was potentially influenced by the Pastoral Symphony was that of the German opera composer, Richard Wagner. As just discussed, it would seem that the second movement of Beethoven’s work is to represent the â€Å"realization of one’s destiny through nature†. In Wagner’s opera, Siegfried, there are scenes within the second act that take place in the forest. In which, the main character, Siegfried learns of his destiny from the ability to understand a forest bird. This situation is the exact opposite from that of Beethoven’s, where the composer realizes his destiny through the discovery that he can no longer hear. Two compositions that were separated by nearly one hundred years, both contain similar imagery that represents a person’s realization and acceptance of their destiny through nature. The chances of this being a coincidence seem rather unlikely. To say that that Beethoven’s Pastoral inspired Wagner’s us e of nature within this opera would be a fair conclusion. When discussing Beethoven, the Sixth Symphony may not be a piece that comes to mind right away; one might rather recall themes from other symphonies by him. However, the importance of this piece in the evolution of the symphony as a genre is too important to go overlooked. The mere fact that out of the nine symphonies that Beethoven wrote, the Sixth was the only one to receive a programmatic title and descriptive scenes attached to the movements is an indication at the significance of this work. It may not have directly influenced several composers in the years that followed as far as content is concerned, but Beethoven’s ability to combine aspects of program music with the absoluteness of a symphony opened the door to possibilities for future composers on both sides of the spectrum.

Types of Solids and How to Categorize Them

Types of Solids and How to Categorize Them In the broadest sense, solids may be categorized as either crystalline solids or amorphous solids. Most specifically, scientists typically recognize six main types of solids, each characterized by specific properties and structures. Ionic Solids Ionic solids form when electrostatic attraction causes anions and cations to form a crystal lattice. In an ionic crystal, each ion is surrounded by ions with an opposite charge. Ionic crystals are extremely stable because considerable energy is required to break ionic bonds. Metallic Solids The positively charged nuclei of metal atoms are held together by valence electrons to form metallic solids. The electrons are considered delocalized because they arent bound to any particular atoms, as in covalent bonds. Delocalized electrons can move throughout the solid. This is the electron sea model of metallic solids- positive nuclei float in a sea of negative electrons. Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity and are typically hard, shiny, and ductile. Examples: Almost all metals and their alloys, such as gold, brass, steel. Network Atomic Solids This type of solid is also known simply as a network solid. Network atomic solids are huge crystals consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Many gemstones are network atomic solids. Examples: Diamond, amethyst, ruby. Atomic Solids Atomic solids form when weak London dispersion forces bind the atoms of cold noble gasses. Examples: These solids are not seen in everyday life since they require extremely low temperatures. An example would be solid krypton or solid argon. Molecular Solids Covalent molecules held together by intermolecular forces form molecular solids. While the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the molecules in place, molecular solids typically have lower melting and boiling points than metallic, ionic, or network atomic solids, which are held together by stronger bonds. Example: Water ice. Amorphous Solids Unlike all of the other types of solids, amorphous solids do not exhibit a crystal structure. This type of solid is characterized by an irregular bonding pattern. Amorphous solids may be soft and rubbery when they are formed by long molecules, tangled together and held by intermolecular forces. Glassy solids are hard and brittle, formed by atoms irregularly joined by covalent bonds. Examples: Plastic, glass.

Introduction Vision Mission Goals Obs Competitors ADI Research Paper

Introduction Vision Mission Goals Obs Competitors ADI - Research Paper Example It operates in one kind of segment, which is made of two distinct groups: one on products and one on end markets (Analog, 2011, p.3). The product group is concentrated on â€Å"core technology development and leadership in converters, amplifiers and RF, MEMS, power management, and DSP† (Analog, 2011, p.3). The end market-focused organization is focused on understanding, choosing, and resourcing activities that are more customized to specific markets or applications (Analog, 2011, p.3). ADI has direct sales offices, sales representatives, and distributors in more than 40 countries that are located outside of North America (Analog, 2011, p.7). Its products are used by more than 60,000 customers around the world (Analog, 2011, p.2). Total revenues in 2011 were $2.993 billion with net income of $867.4 million (Analog, 2011, p.26). Gross margin % is 66.4%, compared to 65.2% in 2010 (Analog, 2011, p.27). It has a market capitalization of $10.91 billion. ADI’s main strategy is to apply the wide array of its broad â€Å"technology portfolio to more integrated and targeted product strategies for the industrial, automotive, consumer, and communications markets† (Analog, 2011, p.3). Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives The vision of ADI is to be the global leader in the industry. Its mission is â€Å"to be the world’s best signal processing company† (Analog, 2011, Letter from Jerald G. Fishman). Its primary goal is â€Å"to manage a growth business and a product portfolio that is essential to myriad applications, resulting in a long-term compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) for ADI that is greater than that of the overall semiconductor industry† (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). Its research and development strategy concentrates on enhancing technical leadership in â€Å"core technologies of converters, amplifiers and RF, MEMS, power management, and DSP† (Analog, 2011, p.7). To support its research and development acti vities, ADI hires thousands of engineers, who are in charge of the product and manufacturing process development (Analog, 2011, p.7). ADI seeks to outpace the industry by enhancing how it targets markets, where its technology produces a competitive advantage for its customers (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). To support this growth, it aims to generate excellent signal processing products through investing in research and development. It also seeks to optimize and to refine these investments to most successfully direct resources to opportunities that present ADI the strongest potential for differentiation, development, and profitability (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). In addition, ADI focuses on protecting its standing as â€Å"one of the highest quality and most reliable vendors in our customers’ supply chains† (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). It does this by maintaining short product delivery lead times and quickly scaling production levels to meet demand , as well as offering high quality levels of service that is responsive to customers’ needs (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). It also upholds the goal of maintaining the company’s profitability, however cyclical the semiconductor industry might be (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). Its operating model consists of major variable costs that assisted the company in attaining high margins, during both the economic downturn and upturn (Analog, 2011, Letter from Fishman). Competitive Analysis NVIDIA NVIDIA was incorporated

Prison in the US justice system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison in the US justice system - Research Paper Example The current conditions of prisons will be considered, as well as the presence and implementation of recidivism programs, rehabilitative programs, introductory back into society programs, and steps taken to ensure the safety of the public after a prisoner has been released. When most people think of prisons, cold, rundown jail cells for the purpose of punishing hardened criminals is what usually comes to mind. While punishment is one of the primary reasons that prisons exist, there are two other reasons that often go overlooked: to protect and to rehabilitate. Prisons are used to protect both society and the criminal. Society needs protection against harmful individuals and groups, and the criminal needs protection from those in society wishing to seek revenge for any wrongdoings (for example, the father of a murdered child might feel tempted to go after the murderer). Prisons also help to rehabilitate to prisoners so that they can learn to handle their anger in healthy and beneficial ways, and will also be less likely to commit crimes once they have been released. In recent years, many state and federal prisons have been under fire due to the physical conditions that prisoners are being forced to live. The majority of these issues have stemmed from the two greatest ordeals that prisons are facing, which are overcrowding and underfunding. As early as 1991, prisons throughout the United States have faced a significant increase of inmates, and thus an increase in prison overcrowding (Weschler, 1991). The number of prisoners being released back onto the streets is shrinking while the number of prisoners being brought into prisons is continuing to grow. The demand to maintain prisoners is too great and cannot be kept up with. To make the overcrowding even worse is the underfunding of our state and federal prisons. Due to nationwide budget cuts and our current economic recession, our prisons are among the institutions that are being given the cold shoulder